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                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/introduction.html"><strong>1</strong><span>Introduction</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html"><strong>2</strong><span>Getting Started</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/upgradingFromPreviousVersionsOfGrails.html"><strong>3</strong><span>Upgrading from previous versions of Grails</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/conf.html"><strong>4</strong><span>Configuration</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html"><strong>5</strong><span>The Command Line</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/GORM.html"><strong>6</strong><span>Object Relational Mapping (GORM)</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html"><strong>7</strong><span>The Web Layer</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/validation.html"><strong>8</strong><span>Validation</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/services.html"><strong>9</strong><span>The Service Layer</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/testing.html"><strong>10</strong><span>Testing</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/i18n.html"><strong>11</strong><span>Internationalization</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/security.html"><strong>12</strong><span>Security</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/plugins.html"><strong>13</strong><span>Plugins</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/webServices.html"><strong>14</strong><span>Web Services</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/spring.html"><strong>15</strong><span>Grails and Spring</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/hibernate.html"><strong>16</strong><span>Grails and Hibernate</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/scaffolding.html"><strong>17</strong><span>Scaffolding</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/deployment.html"><strong>18</strong><span>Deployment</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/contributing.html"><strong>19</strong><span>Contributing to Grails</span></a></div>
                            
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                            <h1>The Grails Framework - Reference Documentation</h1>
                            <p><strong>Authors:</strong> Graeme Rocher, Peter Ledbrook, Marc Palmer, Jeff Brown, Luke Daley, Burt Beckwith</p>
                            <p><strong>Version:</strong> 2.2.1</p>
                            
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                            <h2>Table of Contents</h2>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html"><strong>1</strong><span>Introduction</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#whatsNew22"><strong>1.1</strong><span>What's new in Grails 2.2?</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#whatsNew21"><strong>1.2</strong><span>What's new in Grails 2.1?</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#whatsNew"><strong>1.3</strong><span>What's new in Grails 2.0?</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#developmentEnvironmentFeatures"><strong>1.3.1</strong><span>Development Environment Features</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#coreFeatures"><strong>1.3.2</strong><span>Core Features</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#webFeatures"><strong>1.3.3</strong><span>Web Features</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#persistenceFeatures"><strong>1.3.4</strong><span>Persistence Features</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#testingFeatures"><strong>1.3.5</strong><span>Testing Features</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html"><strong>2</strong><span>Getting Started</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#requirements"><strong>2.1</strong><span>Installation Requirements</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#downloadingAndInstalling"><strong>2.2</strong><span>Downloading and Installing</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#creatingAnApplication"><strong>2.3</strong><span>Creating an Application</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#aHelloWorldExample"><strong>2.4</strong><span>A Hello World Example</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#usingInteractiveMode"><strong>2.5</strong><span>Using Interactive Mode</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#ide"><strong>2.6</strong><span>Getting Set Up in an IDE</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#conventionOverConfiguration"><strong>2.7</strong><span>Convention over Configuration</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#runningAnApplication"><strong>2.8</strong><span>Running an Application</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#testingAnApplication"><strong>2.9</strong><span>Testing an Application</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#deployingAnApplication"><strong>2.10</strong><span>Deploying an Application</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#supportedJavaEEContainers"><strong>2.11</strong><span>Supported Java EE Containers</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#generatingAnApplication"><strong>2.12</strong><span>Generating an Application</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#creatingArtefacts"><strong>2.13</strong><span>Creating Artefacts</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/upgradingFromPreviousVersionsOfGrails.html"><strong>3</strong><span>Upgrading from previous versions of Grails</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/conf.html"><strong>4</strong><span>Configuration</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#config"><strong>4.1</strong><span>Basic Configuration</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#builtInOptions"><strong>4.1.1</strong><span>Built in options</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#logging"><strong>4.1.2</strong><span>Logging</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#configGORM"><strong>4.1.3</strong><span>GORM</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#environments"><strong>4.2</strong><span>Environments</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#dataSource"><strong>4.3</strong><span>The DataSource</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#dataSourcesAndEnvironments"><strong>4.3.1</strong><span>DataSources and Environments</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#JNDIDataSources"><strong>4.3.2</strong><span>JNDI DataSources</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#automaticDatabaseMigration"><strong>4.3.3</strong><span>Automatic Database Migration</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#transactionAwareDataSourceProxy"><strong>4.3.4</strong><span>Transaction-aware DataSource Proxy</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#databaseConsole"><strong>4.3.5</strong><span>Database Console</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#multipleDatasources"><strong>4.3.6</strong><span>Multiple Datasources</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#configExternalized"><strong>4.4</strong><span>Externalized Configuration</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#versioning"><strong>4.5</strong><span>Versioning</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#docengine"><strong>4.6</strong><span>Project Documentation</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#ivy"><strong>4.7</strong><span>Dependency Resolution</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#configurationsAndDependencies"><strong>4.7.1</strong><span>Configurations and Dependencies</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#dependencyRepositories"><strong>4.7.2</strong><span>Dependency Repositories</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#debuggingResolution"><strong>4.7.3</strong><span>Debugging Resolution</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#inheritedDependencies"><strong>4.7.4</strong><span>Inherited Dependencies</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#providingDefaultDependencies"><strong>4.7.5</strong><span>Providing Default Dependencies</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#changingDependencies"><strong>4.7.6</strong><span>Snapshots and Other Changing Dependencies</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#dependencyReports"><strong>4.7.7</strong><span>Dependency Reports</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#pluginJARDependencies"><strong>4.7.8</strong><span>Plugin JAR Dependencies</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#mavenIntegration"><strong>4.7.9</strong><span>Maven Integration</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#mavendeploy"><strong>4.7.10</strong><span>Deploying to a Maven Repository</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#pluginDependencies"><strong>4.7.11</strong><span>Plugin Dependencies</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#dependencyResolutionCaching"><strong>4.7.12</strong><span>Caching of Dependency Resolution Results</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html"><strong>5</strong><span>The Command Line</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#interactiveMode"><strong>5.1</strong><span>Interactive Mode</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#forkedMode"><strong>5.2</strong><span>Forked Tomcat Execution</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#creatingGantScripts"><strong>5.3</strong><span>Creating Gant Scripts</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#reusingGrailsScripts"><strong>5.4</strong><span>Re-using Grails scripts</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#events"><strong>5.5</strong><span>Hooking into Events</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#buildCustomising"><strong>5.6</strong><span>Customising the build</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#antAndMaven"><strong>5.7</strong><span>Ant and Maven</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#wrapper"><strong>5.8</strong><span>Grails Wrapper</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html"><strong>6</strong><span>Object Relational Mapping (GORM)</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#quickStartGuide"><strong>6.1</strong><span>Quick Start Guide</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#basicCRUD"><strong>6.1.1</strong><span>Basic CRUD</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#domainClasses"><strong>6.2</strong><span>Domain Modelling in GORM</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#gormAssociation"><strong>6.2.1</strong><span>Association in GORM</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#manyToOneAndOneToOne"><strong>6.2.1.1</strong><span>Many-to-one and one-to-one</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#oneToMany"><strong>6.2.1.2</strong><span>One-to-many</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#manyToMany"><strong>6.2.1.3</strong><span>Many-to-many</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#basicCollectionTypes"><strong>6.2.1.4</strong><span>Basic Collection Types</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#gormComposition"><strong>6.2.2</strong><span>Composition in GORM</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#inheritanceInGORM"><strong>6.2.3</strong><span>Inheritance in GORM</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#sets,ListsAndMaps"><strong>6.2.4</strong><span>Sets, Lists and Maps</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#persistenceBasics"><strong>6.3</strong><span>Persistence Basics</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#savingAndUpdating"><strong>6.3.1</strong><span>Saving and Updating</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#deletingObjects"><strong>6.3.2</strong><span>Deleting Objects</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#cascades"><strong>6.3.3</strong><span>Understanding Cascading Updates and Deletes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#fetching"><strong>6.3.4</strong><span>Eager and Lazy Fetching</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#locking"><strong>6.3.5</strong><span>Pessimistic and Optimistic Locking</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#modificationChecking"><strong>6.3.6</strong><span>Modification Checking</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#querying"><strong>6.4</strong><span>Querying with GORM</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#finders"><strong>6.4.1</strong><span>Dynamic Finders</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#whereQueries"><strong>6.4.2</strong><span>Where Queries</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#criteria"><strong>6.4.3</strong><span>Criteria</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#detachedCriteria"><strong>6.4.4</strong><span>Detached Criteria</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#hql"><strong>6.4.5</strong><span>Hibernate Query Language (HQL)</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#advancedGORMFeatures"><strong>6.5</strong><span>Advanced GORM Features</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#eventsAutoTimestamping"><strong>6.5.1</strong><span>Events and Auto Timestamping</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#ormdsl"><strong>6.5.2</strong><span>Custom ORM Mapping</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#tableAndColumnNames"><strong>6.5.2.1</strong><span>Table and Column Names</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#caching"><strong>6.5.2.2</strong><span>Caching Strategy</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#inheritanceStrategies"><strong>6.5.2.3</strong><span>Inheritance Strategies</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#identity"><strong>6.5.2.4</strong><span>Custom Database Identity</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#compositePrimaryKeys"><strong>6.5.2.5</strong><span>Composite Primary Keys</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#databaseIndices"><strong>6.5.2.6</strong><span>Database Indices</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#optimisticLockingAndVersioning"><strong>6.5.2.7</strong><span>Optimistic Locking and Versioning</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#fetchingDSL"><strong>6.5.2.8</strong><span>Eager and Lazy Fetching</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#customCascadeBehaviour"><strong>6.5.2.9</strong><span>Custom Cascade Behaviour</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#customHibernateTypes"><strong>6.5.2.10</strong><span>Custom Hibernate Types</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#derivedProperties"><strong>6.5.2.11</strong><span>Derived Properties</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#customNamingStrategy"><strong>6.5.2.12</strong><span>Custom Naming Strategy</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#defaultSortOrder"><strong>6.5.3</strong><span>Default Sort Order</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#programmaticTransactions"><strong>6.6</strong><span>Programmatic Transactions</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#gormConstraints"><strong>6.7</strong><span>GORM and Constraints</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html"><strong>7</strong><span>The Web Layer</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#controllers"><strong>7.1</strong><span>Controllers</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#understandingControllersAndActions"><strong>7.1.1</strong><span>Understanding Controllers and Actions</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#controllersAndScopes"><strong>7.1.2</strong><span>Controllers and Scopes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#modelsAndViews"><strong>7.1.3</strong><span>Models and Views</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#redirectsAndChaining"><strong>7.1.4</strong><span>Redirects and Chaining</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#interceptors"><strong>7.1.5</strong><span>Controller Interceptors</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#dataBinding"><strong>7.1.6</strong><span>Data Binding</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#xmlAndJSON"><strong>7.1.7</strong><span>XML and JSON Responses</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#moreOnJSONBuilder"><strong>7.1.8</strong><span>More on JSONBuilder</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#uploadingFiles"><strong>7.1.9</strong><span>Uploading Files</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#commandObjects"><strong>7.1.10</strong><span>Command Objects</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#formtokens"><strong>7.1.11</strong><span>Handling Duplicate Form Submissions</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#typeConverters"><strong>7.1.12</strong><span>Simple Type Converters</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#asynchronousRequestProcessing"><strong>7.1.13</strong><span>Asynchronous Request Processing</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#gsp"><strong>7.2</strong><span>Groovy Server Pages</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#GSPBasics"><strong>7.2.1</strong><span>GSP Basics</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#variablesAndScopes"><strong>7.2.1.1</strong><span>Variables and Scopes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#logicAndIteration"><strong>7.2.1.2</strong><span>Logic and Iteration</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#pageDirectives"><strong>7.2.1.3</strong><span>Page Directives</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#expressions"><strong>7.2.1.4</strong><span>Expressions</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#tags"><strong>7.2.2</strong><span>GSP Tags</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#tagVariablesAndScopes"><strong>7.2.2.1</strong><span>Variables and Scopes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#tagLogicAndIteration"><strong>7.2.2.2</strong><span>Logic and Iteration</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#searchAndFiltering"><strong>7.2.2.3</strong><span>Search and Filtering</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#linksAndResources"><strong>7.2.2.4</strong><span>Links and Resources</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#formsAndFields"><strong>7.2.2.5</strong><span>Forms and Fields</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#tagsAsMethodCalls"><strong>7.2.2.6</strong><span>Tags as Method Calls</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#viewsAndTemplates"><strong>7.2.3</strong><span>Views and Templates</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#layouts"><strong>7.2.4</strong><span>Layouts with Sitemesh</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#resources"><strong>7.2.5</strong><span>Static Resources</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#includingResourcesUsingTheResourceTags"><strong>7.2.5.1</strong><span>Including resources using the resource tags</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#otherResourceTags"><strong>7.2.5.2</strong><span>Other resource tags</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#declaringResources"><strong>7.2.5.3</strong><span>Declaring resources</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#overridingPluginResources"><strong>7.2.5.4</strong><span>Overriding plugin resources</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#optimizingYourResources"><strong>7.2.5.5</strong><span>Optimizing your resources</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#debugging"><strong>7.2.5.6</strong><span>Debugging</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#preventingProcessingOfResources"><strong>7.2.5.7</strong><span>Preventing processing of resources</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#otherResourcesPlugins"><strong>7.2.5.8</strong><span>Other Resources-aware plugins</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#sitemeshContentBlocks"><strong>7.2.6</strong><span>Sitemesh Content Blocks</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#makingChangesToADeployedApplication"><strong>7.2.7</strong><span>Making Changes to a Deployed Application</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#GSPDebugging"><strong>7.2.8</strong><span>GSP Debugging</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#taglibs"><strong>7.3</strong><span>Tag Libraries</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#taglibVariablesAndScopes"><strong>7.3.1</strong><span>Variables and Scopes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#simpleTags"><strong>7.3.2</strong><span>Simple Tags</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#logicalTags"><strong>7.3.3</strong><span>Logical Tags</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#iterativeTags"><strong>7.3.4</strong><span>Iterative Tags</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#namespaces"><strong>7.3.5</strong><span>Tag Namespaces</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#usingJSPTagLibraries"><strong>7.3.6</strong><span>Using JSP Tag Libraries</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#tagReturnValue"><strong>7.3.7</strong><span>Tag return value</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#urlmappings"><strong>7.4</strong><span>URL Mappings</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#mappingToControllersAndActions"><strong>7.4.1</strong><span>Mapping to Controllers and Actions</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#embeddedVariables"><strong>7.4.2</strong><span>Embedded Variables</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#mappingToViews"><strong>7.4.3</strong><span>Mapping to Views</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#mappingToResponseCodes"><strong>7.4.4</strong><span>Mapping to Response Codes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#mappingHTTP"><strong>7.4.5</strong><span>Mapping to HTTP methods</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#mappingWildcards"><strong>7.4.6</strong><span>Mapping Wildcards</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#automaticLinkRewriting"><strong>7.4.7</strong><span>Automatic Link Re-Writing</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#applyingConstraints"><strong>7.4.8</strong><span>Applying Constraints</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#namedMappings"><strong>7.4.9</strong><span>Named URL Mappings</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#customizingUrlFormat"><strong>7.4.10</strong><span>Customizing URL Formats</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#namespacedControllers"><strong>7.4.11</strong><span>Namespaced Controllers</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#webflow"><strong>7.5</strong><span>Web Flow</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#startAndEndStates"><strong>7.5.1</strong><span>Start and End States</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#actionStatesAndViewStates"><strong>7.5.2</strong><span>Action States and View States</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#flowExecutionEvents"><strong>7.5.3</strong><span>Flow Execution Events</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#flowScopes"><strong>7.5.4</strong><span>Flow Scopes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#dataBindingAndValidation"><strong>7.5.5</strong><span>Data Binding and Validation</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#subflowsAndConversations"><strong>7.5.6</strong><span>Subflows and Conversations</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#filters"><strong>7.6</strong><span>Filters</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#applyingFilters"><strong>7.6.1</strong><span>Applying Filters</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#filterTypes"><strong>7.6.2</strong><span>Filter Types</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#filterVariablesAndScopes"><strong>7.6.3</strong><span>Variables and Scopes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#filterDependencies"><strong>7.6.4</strong><span>Filter Dependencies</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#ajax"><strong>7.7</strong><span>Ajax</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#ajaxSupport"><strong>7.7.1</strong><span>Ajax Support</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#remotingLinking"><strong>7.7.1.1</strong><span>Remoting Linking</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#updatingContent"><strong>7.7.1.2</strong><span>Updating Content</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#remoteFormSubmission"><strong>7.7.1.3</strong><span>Remote Form Submission</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#ajaxEvents"><strong>7.7.1.4</strong><span>Ajax Events</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#ajaxWithPrototype"><strong>7.7.2</strong><span>Ajax with Prototype</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#ajaxWithDojo"><strong>7.7.3</strong><span>Ajax with Dojo</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#ajaxWithGWT"><strong>7.7.4</strong><span>Ajax with GWT</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#ajaxOnTheServer"><strong>7.7.5</strong><span>Ajax on the Server</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#contentNegotiation"><strong>7.8</strong><span>Content Negotiation</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/validation.html"><strong>8</strong><span>Validation</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#constraints"><strong>8.1</strong><span>Declaring Constraints</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#validatingConstraints"><strong>8.2</strong><span>Validating Constraints</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#sharingConstraints"><strong>8.3</strong><span>Sharing Constraints Between Classes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#validationOnTheClient"><strong>8.4</strong><span>Validation on the Client</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#validationAndInternationalization"><strong>8.5</strong><span>Validation and Internationalization</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#validationNonDomainAndCommandObjectClasses"><strong>8.6</strong><span>Applying Validation to Other Classes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/services.html"><strong>9</strong><span>The Service Layer</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/services.html#declarativeTransactions"><strong>9.1</strong><span>Declarative Transactions</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/services.html#transactionsRollbackAndTheSession"><strong>9.1.1</strong><span>Transactions Rollback and the Session</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/services.html#scopedServices"><strong>9.2</strong><span>Scoped Services</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/services.html#dependencyInjectionServices"><strong>9.3</strong><span>Dependency Injection and Services</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/services.html#usingServicesFromJava"><strong>9.4</strong><span>Using Services from Java</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/testing.html"><strong>10</strong><span>Testing</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#unitTesting"><strong>10.1</strong><span>Unit Testing</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#unitTestingControllers"><strong>10.1.1</strong><span>Unit Testing Controllers</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#unitTestingTagLibraries"><strong>10.1.2</strong><span>Unit Testing Tag Libraries</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#unitTestingDomains"><strong>10.1.3</strong><span>Unit Testing Domains</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#unitTestingFilters"><strong>10.1.4</strong><span>Unit Testing Filters</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#unitTestingURLMappings"><strong>10.1.5</strong><span>Unit Testing URL Mappings</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#mockingCollaborators"><strong>10.1.6</strong><span>Mocking Collaborators</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#mockingCodecs"><strong>10.1.7</strong><span>Mocking Codecs</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#integrationTesting"><strong>10.2</strong><span>Integration Testing</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#functionalTesting"><strong>10.3</strong><span>Functional Testing</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/i18n.html"><strong>11</strong><span>Internationalization</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/i18n.html#understandingMessageBundles"><strong>11.1</strong><span>Understanding Message Bundles</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/i18n.html#changingLocales"><strong>11.2</strong><span>Changing Locales</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/i18n.html#readingMessages"><strong>11.3</strong><span>Reading Messages</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/i18n.html#scaffoldingAndI18n"><strong>11.4</strong><span>Scaffolding and i18n</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/security.html"><strong>12</strong><span>Security</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/security.html#securingAgainstAttacks"><strong>12.1</strong><span>Securing Against Attacks</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/security.html#codecs"><strong>12.2</strong><span>Encoding and Decoding Objects</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/security.html#authentication"><strong>12.3</strong><span>Authentication</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/security.html#securityPlugins"><strong>12.4</strong><span>Security Plugins</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/security.html#springSecurity"><strong>12.4.1</strong><span>Spring Security</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/security.html#shiro"><strong>12.4.2</strong><span>Shiro</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/plugins.html"><strong>13</strong><span>Plugins</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/plugins.html#creatingAndInstallingPlugins"><strong>13.1</strong><span>Creating and Installing Plugins</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/plugins.html#repositories"><strong>13.2</strong><span>Plugin Repositories</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/plugins.html#understandingPluginStructure"><strong>13.3</strong><span>Understanding a Plugin's Structure</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/plugins.html#providingBasicArtefacts"><strong>13.4</strong><span>Providing Basic Artefacts</span></a></div>
                            
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